How do web servers tell the (Windows) operating system which port to listen on?

So I chanced upon a beautiful piece of sample C++ whilst wondering around the Microsoft website. Essentially the code creates an http server sample application. If we browse the code we can see that there is a line to register interest in a URL of which the port is a segment by calling HttpAddUrl.

Before we call HttpAddUrl we have to call first HttpInitialize and then httpcreatehttphandle; the latter passes a structure that we can pass into HttpAddUrl.

But now we can get to the heart of the issue: how to register interest in a port. Here is the method signature of HttpAddUrl.

HTTPAPI_LINKAGE ULONG HttpAddUrl(
  HANDLE RequestQueueHandle,
  PCWSTR FullyQualifiedUrl,
  PVOID  Reserved
);

The second parameter is a string, a URLPrefix string to be precise. The syntax and examples are given below.

"scheme://host:port/relativeURI"

https://www.adatum.com:80/vroot/
https://adatum.com:443/secure/database/
https://+:80/vroot/

To start receiving requests the sample code gives a function which handles each request, in this code there is yet another Windows API call this time to HttpReceiveHttpRequest.

And that is enough code, although we should tidy up and this is given in the code. Hopefully this clarifies the relationship between a web server and the (Windows) operating system.

There are some details about upgrading the code when using HTTP Server API Version 2.0. Other than that the code stands

All of this is for Microsoft Windows obviously, but I should imagine the process is similar for Linux and Mac OS.

Previously I have given code (twice!) that allows Excel to run as a web server: once in C# and once in Python. So, it would appear that for the adventurous some C++ Excel addin could also implement an HTTP web server! So that's a third way!